# Introduction to PyDDA¶

PyDDA is a small library to write and generate DDA code in Python. DDA stands for digital differential analyzer. In this context, it is a code for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) given in a domain specific language description (i.e. an electrical circuit).

The main advantage of this implementation in contrast to the older Perl implementation is the abstract syntax tree level of circuit representation. The syntax tree representation allows for fine-grained manipulations of terms where the older Perl code could only apply regular expressions.

This code can replace the old dda2c.pl Perl implementation (see misc/ directory for it’s code). It is a standalone Python 3 code with no third party dependencies. It generates standalone C++ code with no dependencies (not even on the old dda.h).

## Usage: As a library or from the command line¶

The dda module can either be used from a DDA file written in Python or directly from old-style traditional DDA plaintext files. While pythonic dda files have the advantage to be able to use all the flexibility of Python scripting (such as using numpy for linear algebra computations and matplotlib for postprocessing of results), plaintext DDA files are in general shorter and more precise to read. See dda.dsl for further details on the traditional DDA file format.

The module can also be used from the command line as a utility. The behaviour is similar to the simulate.pl and dda2c.pl utilities but also covers a few more features. Usage example (implementation provided by dsl.cli() ):

me@localhost $python -m dda --help usage: dda.py [-h] [-o [OUTPUT]] [circuit_file] {c,dda,dot,latex} PyDDA, the AST-based DDA compiler positional arguments: circuit_file DDA setup (traditional file). Default is stdin. {c,dda,dot,latex} File formats which can be generated optional arguments: -h, --help show this help message and exit -o [OUTPUT], --output [OUTPUT] Where to write exported code to. Default is stdout. A Command Line Interface (CLI) for PyDDA... Here is a full bash script which demonstrates how to use PyDDA as a drop-in replacement for the traditional Perl-based DDA code. It allows using the PyDDA C++ code generator without writing a single line of Python: #!/usr/bin/bash # given the DDA file "notch_simplified.dda", which you can find in the # directory ./examples/traditional-dda-circuits, we simulate the system # for 2000 timesteps and plot the time evolution of the fields "cn", "cd" and "cnr" # which are part of the DDA file (in terms of "cn = int(...)") python -m dda notch_simplified.dda C --output notch_simplified.cc g++ --std=c++17 notch_simplified.cc -onotch_simplified.exe ./notch_simplified.exe --max_iterations=2000 --skip_header=1 cn cd cnr > scratch.dat cat <<GNUPLOT_FILE > gnuplot.dat set terminal pdf set output "notch_simplified_gnuplot.pdf" set key autotitle columnheader set title "Notch simplified (with PyDDA/Gnuplot)" plot "scratch.dat" using 1 with lines title "cn", \ "scratch.dat" using 2 with lines title "cd", \ "scratch.dat" using 3 with lines title "cnr" GNUPLOT_FILE gnuplot gnuplot.dat open notch_simplified_gnuplot.pdf ## Usage without a C++ compiler¶ The PyDDA code grew out of its predecessor (dda2c.pl) as a code generator for an ODE solver. Having C++ has target language, it requires a C++ compiler to work. However, during the time, PyDDA got mature as a toolkit for exporting the code also in different formats. In fact, using the dda.scipy module, one can avoid C++ and use PyDDA solely within the Python environment. This can be handy for anyone who cannot or does not want to deal with C++ or all the fundamentals. Therefore, instead of following all the tedious way of C++ code generation, compilation and running, you can also take the short track by making use of SciPy. This also works from the command line: me@localhost$ usage: scipy.py [-h] [-o [OUTPUT]] -t TFINAL [--method [METHOD]] [circuit_file]

PyDDA's scipy interface simulation runner

positional arguments:
circuit_file          DDA setup (traditional file). Default is stdin.

optional arguments:
-h, --help            show this help message and exit
-o [OUTPUT], --output [OUTPUT]
Where to write output CSV to. Default is stdout.
-q [QUERY_FIELDS ...], --query-fields [QUERY_FIELDS ...]
List of fields to plot. Just pass whitespace seperated (i.e. -q a b c). Also add 't' if you want
to have the solution time (recommended).

Arguments passed to scipy.integrate.solve_ivp:
-t TFINAL, --tfinal TFINAL
Time (in simulation units) to run up to. Do not confuse this with some iteration counter.
-m [METHOD], --method [METHOD]
Integration method to use
-d, --dense-output    Dense Output (default is not dense)

A Command Line Interface (CLI) for :mod:dda.scipy. This CLI API basically solves a DDA file ...

Here is an example, again with the notch DDA file, of using SciPy instead of the C++ based solver:

#!/usr/bin/bash

# given the DDA file "notch_simplified.dda", which you can find in the
# directory ./examples/traditional-dda-circuits, we simulate the system
# for 2000 timesteps and plot the time evolution of the fields "cn", "cd" and "cnr"
# which are part of the DDA file (in terms of "cn = int(...)")

python -m dda.scipy -d -t 20 -q cn_minus cd_minus cnr_minus --method RK45 notch_simplified.dda > scratch.dat

cat <<GNUPLOT_FILE > gnuplot.dat

set terminal pdf
set output "notch_simplified_gnuplot.pdf"
set title "Notch simplified (with PyDDA/Gnuplot)"

plot "scratch.dat" using 1 with lines title "cn", \
"scratch.dat" using 2 with lines title "cd", \
"scratch.dat" using 3 with lines title "cnr"

GNUPLOT_FILE

gnuplot gnuplot.dat
open notch_simplified_gnuplot.pdf

Note that the naming of the columns is different to the top example, since you can only access the evolution quantities, whcih are called cn_minus here, while cn is a deviated quantity. More details on these limitations can be found in the description of the dda.scipy module.

## Known Bugs and limitations¶

Please see the issue list at https://github.com/anabrid/pyanalog/issues for a list of bugs.

We also have an internal bug tracker at https://lab.analogparadigm.com/software/pyanalog/-/issues which is subject to be merged into the public one.